Dependencies

• A project with the Metaplay SDK integrated - This guide assumes you have a general idea of what Metaplay offers and have the SDK integrated into your game. If you haven't, check out Integrating the Metaplay SDK.
• A basic understanding of working with Unity in WebGL - Check out Unity's Getting started with WebGL development page to get started.

Overview

Unity WebGL builds allow your game to run in a web browser, but they have some limitations compared to building and deploying traditionally. That being said, the Metaplay SDK offers workarounds to some of these issues.

Here are some considerations:

• Threading works very poorly on Unity WebGL builds and is not recommended, but the SDK offers solutions for:
  • Asynchronous operations and tasks
  • Concurrent collections
  • System timer
• Unity's regular file system calls are not supported, and you'll have to use Metaplay's file APIs.
• You'll also have to use the SDK's wrapper for web requests.

The Metaplay SDK comes with an analyzer which produces warnings when it detects usage of known poorly-supported features in your client code, if using a Unity version supporting Roslyn analyzers (>= Unity 2020.2). The analyzer will become active once you enable Metaplay's WebGL support (see section Enabling WebGL). Note that the analyzer only covers your client's own code (and the Metaplay SDK itself), but not dependencies.

Enabling WebGL

You need to configure a few things to get the WebGL builds working:

• In the client, define the preprocessing symbol METAPLAY_ENABLE_WEBGL.
  • It is recommended to define this globally, not just when the Unity's selected platform is WebGL. This way you'll get warnings about poorly-supported features always during development, not just in WebGL builds. You can define it conveniently by adding a file called csc.rsp in your Assets folder, with a line saying -define:METAPLAY_ENABLE_WEBGL.
• The client needs to connect to the server using the WebSocket port in WebGL builds. This is port 9380 by default.
• You must enable the server-side WebSocket feature by setting WebSockets:Enabled to true in your Options.base.yaml.
• When using the feature in the cloud, it must be enabled by setting experimental:websockets:enabled to true in your Helm values.

Threading

Unity WebGL has very poor support for threading, and you should treat it as a single-threaded environment. Certain types don't work in WebGL or might cause random crashes or hang-ups, including most threading primitives under the System.Threading namespace, such as ThreadPool, Timer and Thread. Some concurrent data structures might also cause problems. System.Threading.Task and ValueTask work fine, as long as work is never queued in the broken ThreadPool. You must take care to avoid accidentally using methods that do so.

SynchronizationContext

The SynchronizationContext class provides the environment for tasks and asynchronous operations to run in. Each thread has a current synchronization context accessible by calling SynchronizationContext.Current. You can override the default synchronization context with your own to change how asynchronous operations behave in the code.

Fortunately, you don't have to do that since Unity provides a custom UnitySynchronizationContext that runs all tasks on the Unity main thread by default. So all we have to do is make sure we use it.

Tasks

The biggest pitfalls while using tasks are using the following methods:

• Task.Run()
• Task.Delay()
• Task.ContinueWith()
• Task.ConfigureAwait(false)

Task.Run(), Task.ContinueWith() and Task.ConfigureAwait(false) will all schedule execution on the ThreadPool if not told otherwise, which will break when running in WebGL. Task.Delay() uses System.Threading.Timer internally, which does not work.

The Metaplay SDK provides direct replacements for these to make things run smoothly:

• Task.Run() -> MetaTask.Run()
• Task.Delay() -> MetaTask.Delay()
• Task.ContinueWith() -> Task.ContinueWithCtx()
• Task.ConfigureAwait(false) -> Task.ConfigureAwaitFalse()

These work the same as their regular counterparts when not running in WebGL but will not try to schedule anything on the ThreadPool in WebGL.

Any normal await calls will work fine, but some libraries may use the ThreadPool internally when calling their async methods, so make sure to check them beforehand.

Long-running Background Operations

Using Tasks to execute long-running operations in the background is a common use case, which works fine when using await to wait for web requests or file operations. If the operation is a long-running calculation or otherwise blocks the frame loop while executing, it is better to implement it as a Unity coroutine. You can also use await Task.Yield() between the calculation steps to pass the execution back to the game loop.

No Synchronous Operations

The WebGL runtime doesn't support blocking operations, e.g., waiting for web requests or file operations to complete. Instead, all operations must be performed asynchronously by awaiting on Tasks or other similar primitives.

MetaTimer

The Metaplay SDK provides a MetaTimer class that replaces System.Threading.Timer in WebGL. MetaTask.Delay() also uses this class internally.

Concurrent Collections

The standard library's thread-safe collection classes are reported to cause random crashes and hangs in Unity WebGL builds. This applies to ConcurrentDictionary<>, ConcurrentStack<>, and so on.

The Metaplay SDK solves this by introducing a simple wrapper WebConcurrentDictionary<> that derives from the non-threaded system Dictionary<> and implements some missing APIs of the concurrent version, such as TryRemove() and GetOrAdd(). The code using the collections uses #ifs to decide which version to use:

#if UNITY_WEBGL && !UNITY_EDITOR
using IntStringConcurrentDictionary = System.Collections.Concurrent.WebConcurrentDictionary<int, string>;
#else
using IntStringConcurrentDictionary = System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<int, string>;
#endif

You'll need to do something similar if you'd like to use concurrent data structures in your game.

File System

Unity implements its file APIs on top of IndexedDB via Emscripten's MEMFS by default. This has some severe limitations as it tries to emulate a block storage API on top of the IndexedDB blob storage. The main limitations are:

• A full copy of the file system contents in memory to enable updating parts of the files.
• Write operations only modify the file contents in memory and must be explicitly flushed.

Metaplay WebBlobStore

The Metaplay SDK implements a direct blob API WebBlobStore with file operations that map directly onto IndexedDB operations. The WebBlobStore API operates only with full payloads and does not allow streaming operations or partial reads.

Metaplay's FileUtil APIs are mapped to WebBlobStore in WebGL builds and can be used directly from the application. Note that you can use only the Async-suffixed versions due to limitations in Unity!

INFO

Note: Consider using MetaplaySDK.PersistentDataPath instead of Unity's Application.persistentDataPath as the Metaplay wrapper returns a simpler path when running under WebGL.

Metaplay AtomicBlobStore

The Metaplay SDK includes another blob API, AtomicBlobStore, which supports atomic read and write operations on top of a regular file system. On WebGL, this is implemented on top of the browser's localStorage.

The localStorage only provides a fully synchronous API, reflected in the AtomicBlobStore. This is also required for the browser to robustly persist any state when the browser or tab is being closed,as asynchronous operations are not guaranteed to complete.

Web Requests

The System.Net.Http.HttpClient doesn't work in WebGL as it uses unsupported Task methods internally. However, you can use UnityWebRequest, which also works in WebGL builds.

Alternatively, The Metaplay SDK provides a thin wrapper MetaHttpClient with a similar API to the system HttpClient that is implemented using Unity's UnityWebRequest in WebGL builds and system HttpClient elsewhere. It only provides the operations needed for the SDK itself to work, but it should be trivial to extend.